Complex Observation in Electron Microscopy VIII: Novel Hilbert Phase Plates to Maximize Phase Contrast

The aim of this study is to quantify the differences in signal transfer strength between different phase contrast (PC) methods using function (CTF) theory. For quantification, two approaches, namely a theoretical approach based on CTF theory and computational simulator, have been used establish several performance indices for evaluating strength. A novel Hilbert PP (HPP) method was proposed combine images acquired by symmetrical pair PPs. were evaluated compared three PC methods: HPP, conventional Zernike (ZPP), Scherzer defocusing method. results indicate that show similar high resolution condition, HPP outperforms medium low ZPP very condition.